Lithographic plate from Album de la Caballería Española: from Primitive Times to the Present Day, by the Count of Clonard, published by the General Directorate of the Weapon.   The artist has the surname “Villegas.”

“The Goth monarchs had a cavalry royal guard that defended their person. The one who carried the banner was called Bandóphoro, and the Chiefs took the names of Dukes, Counts, Gardingos and Tiuphados. The latter commanded 1,000 horses, which were divided into two portions of 500 men, ruled by second Chiefs called Quingentarius.”